Friday, April 19, 2024

Mortality during the 1800s in the United States

One source estimates that the life expectancy in the United States did not increase between 1780 and 1890.

For example, the life expectancy of a man in his twenties in the 1780s was 67.4, thirties was 70.1 and fifties was 74.3.

In the 1870s it was 64.3, 66.3 and 72.3.

Those decades were chosen because the data came from diaries and the decades after the Revolutionary War and the Civil War inspired many people to write diaries while memories were fresh. That is, there were a lot of data-points for those two decades.

The increase in life expectancy as the person ages indicates that death-rates for people in the prime-of-life were significant. Cut your skin with an ax...you could die of an infection. Get the flu and you could die.

Cause-of-death data is pretty skinny for that century but we have reasonably good data for 1900. For the years 1900, 1901 and 1902 the official data lists.

Causes 1, 2, 4 and 10 are communicable diseases. Some circles believe that poor nutrition in the 1800s made diseases more lethal due to vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

Causes 3, 5, 6 probably include uncontrolled blood pressure, diabetes and inflammation from dental infections as well as clotting disorders.

  1. Death by Pneumonia and Influenza at 113478
  2. Death by Tuberculosis at 113113
  3. Death due to diseases of the heart at 85681
  4. Death by diarrhea and intestinal issues 74076
  5. Death by what we now call "strokes" 64383
  6. Death by diseases of the kidneys 54536
  7. Death due to accidents 46302
  8. Death due to cancer 39860
  9. Death due to senility 29095
  10. Death due to Diphtheria or Bronchitis  approx 8k/year







Quicksilver collected her first bee-sting for the season

Quicksilver got stung twice on her left foot yesterday. It was a paper-wasp that was still drowsy from sleeping all winter. It was lazing about on the carpet when Quicksilver stepped on it.

She is just a bit short of two-years old.

She has been retelling the story of the mean bee that made her go "Ow! Ow! Ow!" I think we are on the sixth retelling. The story gets better with each retelling.

I suspect that she will be a blogger when she gets older.

That apple didn't fall too far from the tree.

Wild Roses go with Pumpkins (Cumberland Saga)

The repetitive act of pulling potatoes out of the bag and cutting them into golf-ball sized chunks was a salve for Amira’s soul.

“You said you wanted to pick my brain about gardening” Sarah reminded her.

“Yes. My mother and I lived with my aunt in a small village in Bosnia for two years during the civil war. I was twelve at the time, so of course I didn’t pay much attention. But my aunt used to look at the trees and the flowers to decide when to plant her garden” Amira said. “I wondered if you did anything like that?”

“Civil war?” Sarah asked.

Amira shot Sarah a glance. Of course she didn’t know about the Bosnian civil war.

“After the Iron Curtain fell, Yugoslavia broke into several smaller countries. Bosnia -Herzegovina was one of those countries. No one group was in the majority. Basically, it was about a third Muslim, a third Serbian/Orthodox and a third Croat-Catholic. An election was held and the Serbs rejected the results and started a war.”

“My father had a small farm and cafe in an area that was primarily Serb. He also worked part-time in a factory. He was arrested. We were told that to get him out of prison we had to sign-over the farm and cafe to the prison warden” Amira said, bitterness creeping into her voice.

“We moved to Sarajevo, which is a very large city. We thought we could be safe. But we weren’t” she continued, her voice was flat and emotionless.

“My father sent my mother and me to stay with my aunt while he and my brother stayed in Sarajevo. I never saw them again” Amira said. “Snipers got my father. My brother was conscripted and went missing-in-action.”

Sarah continued to cut potatoes.

Amira looked over. There were tears in Sarah’s eyes.

“I am sorry” Sarah said. “I didn’t know.”

“It is not something that is easy to share” Amira admitted.

Sarah nodded her understanding.

“But we can talk about happy things...like gardening” Amira offered.

Sarah nodded, and then started talking about tulips and potatoes, lilacs or peonies and corn, Black Locust and tomatoes and beans, pumpkins and okra and wild roses*.

Evan was mesmerized as he stood between the handles of the large rotary tiller.

The rumble and shaking of the tiller drowned out everything else. The task demanded just enough attention to satisfy his OCD streak. He could see why men liked riding motorcycles!!! Video games just couldn’t capture the joy….

Blain was driving pegs and stretching cord to mark the rows across the land as soon as Evan finished tilling a strip. He was following up with a heavy hoe and making divots every fifteen inches. The seed potatoes would be planted in the divots.

“How is Walter?” Sarah asked.

“Much better” Amira said. “Copperhead Cove agrees with him.”

“He walks for hours and gets sunshine. He brings home mushrooms and greens and they go into the soup. Let me know if you need any greens. He brings home more than we can eat” Amira laughed.

“Yes, please. I would love greens. I am afraid our diet suffers during spring planting” Sarah said.

Amira paused, thoughtfully. She was looking at Evan and the tiller.

“You know, there is no reason Blain and Evan can’t split their time between my garden plots and yours” Amira observed.

“Well, there sort of is, at least for now. You need to plant at least two of your plots to potatoes and you are way behind. Maybe they can bounce back-and-forth once you are caught up” Sarah pointed out.

Amira rubbed her chin, deep in thought.

“In that case, maybe I can come over and help you plant your gardens while Blain and Evan are working on ours. Blain said it would be a train-wreck if Walter or I were in the gardens while he was working Evan” Amira said.

“I can’t think of a better way for me to learn how to garden in Tennessee than to be your helper...if you will let me” Amira concluded.

Sarah instantly saw the advantages. Having two people...her daughter Mary being too young to do everything that needed to be done, would save a lot of time in just the picking-up and putting-down of tools. And humans, especially women, are social animals. Work can be a joy when you are doing it with somebody whose company you enjoy.

"And when do you want to move the plants you sent me? I am afraid I already planted them..." Sarah asked.

"Please, keep them as a gift. I can get starts from you after they are growing but I think that to keep moving them will stunt them" Amira said. Then, as an after thought "That is, if you want them. Not everybody has room for fruit bushes."

"I will be honored to accept them" Sarah replied. Maybe Amira wasn't such a dragon after all.

*Note from ERJ: These pairings are my best guesses. Please don't take-them-to-the-bank.

The study of the order of biological progression through the season is sometimes called "Phenology". Using biological markers makes some sense but plants cannot predict the future. The timing-and-order are related to heat-accumulation and the need to be available to keystone pollinator insects and to hit the same time-window as other plants of the same species.

The pairing that is shakiest is Black Locust-tomatoes. Every once in a while, the Black Locust gets whacked by the frost. If you roll-the-dice and plant your tomatoes early, it is good practice to have extra plants that you keep under cover...just in case.

Thursday, April 18, 2024

A quick report-card for Copperhead Cove

In Copperhead Cove's favor:

No natural resources worth pillaging

Far away from natural lines-of-drift

Geography is highly defensible from conventional attacks

Natives can squeeze a living out of a very small resource base

Natives are physically very fit (by modern standards)

Sugar consumption is limited and food is primarily consumed at three meals with very limited snacking.

Population surge was anticipated and steps were taken with regard to food production, fuel and housing

Optimally positioned to intercept radio signals from both Chattanooga and Knoxville

Copperhead Cove is well regarded by its neighbors

Disadvantages

Limited water resources, with implications for hygiene

Limited energy resources

Processing of human waste is primitive

Housing will be snug at 100 square-feet per person

Dental/oral health could be an issue

Limited resources makes overcoming a planned, well-resourced attack unlikely

Newcomers will have cultural differences to overcome

Bottom line

Slight advantage (9-to-7) for Copperhead Cove

Filters, gym-notes and gooseberries

The plumbing project to install filters up-line of the water softener is completed (I hope). Mr B suggested the project YEARS ago.

Two, 10" filters in series. A 20 micron, pleated paper sediment filter followed by a 5 micron, string-wound sediment filter.

Gym notes

Mrs ERJ and I made it to the gym yesterday.

I was able to do my 10-rep warm-up of 135 pound dead-lifts. I did not use straps. I am trying to increase my grip strength.

Then I did 4 sets of 6 repetitions of 225 pound dead-lifts. That is just a little-bit over my body weight. The last set was a challenge to get started on. I think I was taking off with the weight too close to my shins.

Cool-down was supposed to be another 10-repetition set of 135 pound dead-lifts. I managed 8 and then decided to call it a day.

I was stronger six weeks ago.

Gooseberry plants showed up in the mail today

Invicta, Hinnomaki Red, and Tixia from left-to-right. Trowel included for scale.

Those will go into the ground today.

From south-to-north, Tixia, Hinnomaki Red, Invicta. Noted for future reference.


Videos I enjoyed

 A rustic market in eastern Nepal.

Why is this important? Peter Grant over at Bayou Renaissance Man had a recent post where he provided a reality-check about how long we might expect to survive in the event of civil war.

One social "innovation" that will significantly increase the odds of seeing your next birthday will be a viable "market" system.

Economies-of-scale, specialization, guns-or-butter, Econ 101 and all that.

Old-dudes might not be able to dead-lift twice their body weight but they can still sit in a dark corner and provide security or they can be on one end of a fishing pole while a worm drowns on the other end. Fish (protein) can be traded for other needed items.

Every family does not need to grow their own tomato seedlings or make their own soap or distill their own tractor-fuel or raise their own replacement laying-hens.

Capitalism can be a glorious thing because it incentivizes human interaction. Little-old-ladies with pasture get to meet young families with animals that need pasture to graze. Weavers and sewers get to connect with people who will appreciate their skills.

Planting potatoes and making soup in Ukraine

Why is this important? Innusya forages for nettle greens, harvests over-wintered spinach, peels potatoes, chops onions, reconstitutes dried mushrooms and dried fish to make soup. An older couple (her parents, maybe?) cultivate her garden using a team of horses. She plants potatoes.

The garden plots are half-to-quarter the size of the ones in the fictitious Copperhead Cove. The various garden plots are scattered between small orchards.

Storage of kettles-and-pots in overhead spaces are interesting.

A (Catholic) priest in eastern-Ontario (Canada)

Dumpster diving.

And starting a fire in the woods

It was refreshing to see a clergy-man getting back to basics.

 

Wednesday, April 17, 2024

Wood shrinkage rates for various species

 https://woodbin.com/ref/wood-shrinkage-table/

 Hardwoods shrink more than conifers (needle bearing species).